
When people think about a country’s defence sector, they usually picture soldiers, fighter jets, missiles, and military operations. However, defence is not only about protecting national borders. It is also an important part of a country’s economy. The field of defence economics examines how governments invest in defence, develop domestic industries, encourage technological innovation, create…

The Global Financial Crisis (GFC) of 2008 was the most severe financial shock since the Great Depression. It emerged from the collapse of the U.S. subprime mortgage market, where excessive lending, high leverage, and complex financial instruments such as mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) concealed underlying risks. The bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers…